Okwengeziwe · Uhlu lokufunda · imizuzu 8

Izincwadi nge-roulette: Uhlu lokufunda

Izincwadi namaphepha nge-roulette le sayithi esekelwe phezu kwawo, angamashumi amabili nambili, kusukela encwadini yango-1657 ekhuluma ngokulindelekile kuya encwadini yokufunda yango-2025, kanye nomusho ochaza ukuthi kungani ngayinye ibalulekile.

Impendulo emfushane

Izibalo (Huygens, Bernoulli, Halmos, Feller, Thorp, Epstein, Ethier, nezincwadi zokufunda zakamuva zika-Bollman, Taylor no-Hunacek), umlando (Lablée, Barnhart, Schwartz, Kavanagh, Marcus, Goldman), i-physics (Bass, Small & Tse) kanye nenoveli eyodwa engcono kunazo zonke (Dostoevsky). Konke okukule sayithi kusekelwe kuleli shalofu.

endala kakhulu
Huygens, 1657
entsha kakhulu
Hunacek, 2025
incwadi eyodwa engcono kakhulu
Ethier, 2010
inoveli engcono kakhulu
The Gambler, 1866

Izibalo

umsebenziunyakakungani uyifunda
Huygens, De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae1657incazelo yokuqala ephrintiwe yokulindelekile; lapho i-EV ivela khona
Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi1713umthetho wezinombolo ezinkulu, izinhlelo ezingawuqondi
Halmos, “Invariants of certain stochastic transformations”1939ubufakazi bokuqala obusebenza kuzo zonke izimo bokuthi alukho uhlelo lokubheja olushintsha umphumela olindelekile
Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory, umqulu 11968ukuphelelwa yimali komgembuli, ukuhamba okungahleliwe, uchungechunge; incwadi yokubheka ejwayelekile
Thorp, “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games”1969lapho izinhlelo zokubheja zingasiza khona (kuphela emdlalweni onenzuzo yomdlali) nemibandela engemuva komphumela wokuthi alukho uhlelo olusebenzayo
Thorp, The Mathematics of Gambling1984ikhompyutha ye-roulette ichazwa ngumsunguli wayo, nezibalo zokuthi ubheje malini uma unenzuzo
Epstein, The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic2013 (uhlelo lwesi-2)yonke imidlalo yekhasino ihlaziyiwe; i-roulette esimweni sayo
Ethier, The Doctrine of Chances2010incazelo yezibalo ephelele kakhulu ye-roulette ephrintiwe
Bollman, Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games2021ukubheja okwengeziwe, amasondo angajwayelekile ne-roulette yamakhadi kubalwe ngamunye, nemisebenzi yokuzijwayeza
Taylor, Games, Gambling, and Probability2021 (uhlelo lwesi-2)uchungechunge, ukubheja kwe-Kelly nokuphelelwa yimali komgembuli kuchazwe njengesifundo
Bollman, Basic Gambling Mathematics2024 (uhlelo lwesi-2)amabhonasi nezimbuyiselo zamakhasino, nokuthi ibhodi lemiphumela lizikhokhela ngokushesha kangakanani ekhasino
Hunacek, Quantitative Literacy Through Games and Gambling2025isifundo sokuqala esilula; hlola isimangalo sayo sokuthi konke ukubheja kunenani elilindelekile elifanayo, ukubheja ezinombolweni ezinhlanu okusiphikisayo

Umlando

umsebenziunyakakungani uyifunda
Lablée, La Roulette, ou le Jour1801incazelo yokuqala ephelele yomdlalo, enovelini
Barnhart, Beating the Wheel1983umlando wokudlala ngokuchema kwesondo: u-Jagger, abandulela ama-Pelayo, izindlela
Schwartz, Roll the Bones2006umlando wokugembula jikelele; indawo ye-roulette kuwo
Kavanagh, Dice, Cards, Wheels2005isiko lokugembula laseFrance; i-Palais-Royal nezindawo zamanzi ashisayo
Marcus, American Roulette2003i-past-posting (ukubheja ngemuva kokuba umphumela usaziwa) ichazwa ngumenzi wayo owaziwa kakhulu, ngokwalokho akubona ngokwakhe
Goldman, Great Gambling Scams2007u-Leigh e-Nice, u-Marcus ne-Ritz kuxoxwa futhi; kuyathakazelisa, kodwa kunamaphutha emaqinisweni amaningana (bheka Ukukhohlisa ku-roulette)

I-physics nokudlala ngenzuzo yomdlali

umsebenziunyakakungani uyifunda
Bass, The Eudaemonic Pie1985indaba yekhompyutha esesicathulweni; incwadi edumile engcono kakhulu nge-physics ye-roulette
Small & Tse, “Predicting the outcome of roulette”2012i-physics yokubikezela, ikaliwe; lokho okudingwa yinzuzo yomdlali
Pearson, “On the criterion…”1900ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square, kubonisiwe ekujikelezeni kwe-roulette

I-physics yesondo le-roulette

Inoveli

Dostoevsky, The Gambler (1866). Yabhalwa ezinsukwini ezingu-26 ukuze kufinyelelwe umnqamulajuqu wenkontileka yomshicileli, ngumbhali owayeshone ezikweletini ngenxa ye-roulette; iphutha lomgembuli, uhlelo, umkhuba ongalawuleki nekhasino yasendaweni yamanzi ashisayo, kuchazwa ngumuntu owakuphila. Imfushane kunanoma iyiphi incwadi ye-roulette engenhla futhi iyiqiniso ukwedlula eziningi.

I-Bad Homburg namakhasino asezindaweni zamanzi ashisayoI-Roulettenburg ka-Dostoevsky

Izincwadi ze-roulette ezingcono kakhulu enhlosweni ngayinye

Ngezibalo, u-Ethier bese u-Feller. Ngezindaba, u-Barnhart no-Bass. Ngokuthi kungani abantu bedlala noma kunjalo, u-Dostoevsky. Ngobufakazi obuqeda yonke impikiswano ngezinhlelo, u-Halmos, kanti ngomphumela ofanayo ngamagama alula, incwadi ka-Thorp yango-1984. Ngemisebenzi yokuzijwayeza, u-Taylor noma u-Bollman. Ibhokisi lemithombo kuyo yonke i-athikili kule sayithi licaphuna kuleli shalofu.

Imibuzo

Ingabe zikhona izincwadi ezinhle zamasu e-roulette?

Azikho ezithengisa uhlelo. Incwadi ka-Thorp yango-1984 inesahluko esifushane esichaza ukuthi kungani izinhlelo zihluleka; u-Epstein no-Ethier bachaza ukwakheka kohlelo ngalunye.

Ngingamfunda kuphi u-Pearson noma u-Huygens?

Bobabili abasekho ngaphansi kwelungelo lokushicilela futhi batholakala ku-inthanethi. U-Pearson unzima ukumfunda; u-Huygens umfushane futhi ufundeka kalula ngendlela emangazayo ngokuhunyushwa.

Okokuhlekisa

Konke okukule sayithi kuyimibhalo yaphansi yaleli shalofu.

Konke okukule sayithi kuyimibhalo yaphansi yaleli shalofu.

Imithombo

  1. Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling. Springer, 2010. Isahluko 13, i-roulette.
  2. Feller, W. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. 1. Wiley, uhlelo lwesi-3, 1968. Ukuphelelwa yimali komgembuli (gambler’s ruin), isahluko XIV.
  3. Halmos, P. R. “Invariants of certain stochastic transformations: the mathematical theory of gambling systems.” Duke Mathematical Journal 5(2), 1939.
  4. Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.” Review of the International Statistical Institute 37(3), 1969.
  5. Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling. Gambling Times / Lyle Stuart, 1984.
  6. Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie. Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
  7. Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel. Lyle Stuart, 1983.
  8. Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette. CRC Press, 2021. Isahluko 2, i-roulette.
  9. Bollman, M. Basic Gambling Mathematics: The Numbers Behind the Neon, uhlelo lwesi-2. CRC Press, 2024.
  10. Taylor, D. G. Games, Gambling, and Probability: An Introduction to Mathematics, uhlelo lwesi-2. CRC Press, 2021.
  11. Hunacek, M. Quantitative Literacy Through Games and Gambling. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2025.
  12. Marcus, R. American Roulette: How I Turned the Odds Upside Down. St. Martin’s Press, 2003.
  13. Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams. John Blake, 2007.
Mayelana nathiImithomboUmlando namasikoI-roulette ezincwadiniUmlando namasikoUmlando wezinhlelo zokubheja ku-rouletteUmlando namasikoAma-Eudaemons
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