Umlando we-roulette
Umlando we-roulette udlula ocwaningweni lwe-physics olwehluleka, egumbini lokugembula e-Paris, kubazalwane ababili edolobheni lamanzi ashisayo eJalimane, nasekhasino elenza igodi elilodwa eliluhlaza laba yinto ejwayelekile eYurophu.
Ngaphambi kwesondo
- 1654
UPascal noFermat: inkinga yamaphuzu; inani elilindelekile.
Inani elilindelekile ku-roulette - 1655Isondo elingenanhloso
U-Blaise Pascal, efuna umshini onyakaza unomphela, wakha isondo elijikelezayo elilinganiswe kahle. Umshini uyehluleka; isondo lisala liyithuluzi elicishe lingabi nakungqubuzana futhi elibonakala lingahleliwe.
Blaise Pascal: Inganekwane yesondo le-roulette - 1657
UHuygens ushicilela incwadi yokuqala ecwaninga ngenani elilindelekile.
- 1713
UJakob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi: umthetho wezinombolo ezinkulu.
Ukuhlangana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: Umthetho wezinombolo ezinkulu ku-roulette - ama-1740I-Roly-poly ne-E.O.
Izindlu zokugembula zaseNgilandi zijikelezisa amasondo anezikhala ezilinganayo nezingalingani. Le midlalo ivinjelwa kaningi, okwenza izinhlobo zayo zidlulele ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Ubani owasungula i-roulette? Umsuka we-roulette - 1754
U-d’Alembert ushicilela iphutha elathi kamuva laqanjwa ngegama lakhe njengohlelo.
Isu le-D'Alembert ku-roulette - 1758
INew France (iQuebec) ivimbela amadayisi, i-hoca, i-faro kanye ne-“roulette”: elinye lamarekhodi okuqala egama njengomdlalo wokugembula.
- ama-1760
Igama elithi “Martingale” lingena ezichazamazwini zesiFulentshi njengesitsotsi sabagembuli.
Isu le-Martingale ku-roulette
Umdlalo
- 1796Paris, Palais-Royal
Inoveli ka-Jaques Lablée ethi La Roulette ichaza isondo elinamagodi amabili ekhasino, u-0 no-00, endlini yokugembula e-Palais-Royal. Le yincazelo ephelele yokuqala yomdlalo wanamuhla.
I-roulette ezincwadini - ama-1800
Amasondo aseMelika engeza igodi lokhozi: izinombolo ezintathu zekhasino.
Isondo nemithetho ye-roulette yaseMelika - 1837
IFrance ivimbela amakhasino; ukudlala kuthuthela ezindaweni zamanzi ashisayo zaseJalimane.
- 1841
Abazalwane bakwaBlanc bathatha imvume yokuqhuba ikhasino e-Bad Homburg.
François Blanc - 1843Bad Homburg
U-François no-Louis Blanc bavula ikhasino kuleli dolobha lamanzi ashisayo laseJalimane futhi basusa iqanda eliphindiwe. Isondo elineqanda elilodwa linciphisa inzuzo yekhasino ngesigamu futhi lidonsa abadlali basuke ezindaweni eziqhudelanayo.
I-Bad Homburg namakhasino asezindaweni zamanzi ashisayo - 1863Monte Carlo
Njengoba ukugembula kwenqatshelwa kulo lonke elaseJalimane, u-Blanc uthatha ikhasino elalisebunzimeni e-Monaco. I-Monte Carlo iba yisibonelo se-roulette yaseYurophu; iqanda elilodwa liba yinto yayo ejwayelekile.
I-roulette yase-Monte Carlo - 1866
UDostoevsky, The Gambler.
I-Roulettenburg ka-Dostoevsky - 1868
Ujantshi wesitimela osuka e-Nice uya e-Monte Carlo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo - 1869
IMonaco iqeda intela yemali engenayo.
- 1872
IPrussia ivala amakhasino aseJalimane.
Abadlali nezivivinyo
- ama-1870
U-Labouchère wenza uhlelo lokucisha lwaziwe kakhulu eLondon.
Isu le-Labouchère ku-roulette - cishe ngo-1880Isondo lika-Jagger
U-Joseph Jagger, usomabhizinisi wezindwangu wase-Yorkshire, ubhalisa imiphumela yamasondo e-Monte Carlo bese ebheja izinombolo eziphuma kaningi ngokweqile. Uwina inotho; ikhasino ihambisa amasondo ayo iwashintshela kwezinye izindawo, bese iwashintsha ngamasondo amasha.
Joseph Jagger: Isu le-roulette e-Monte Carlo - 1891Indoda eyaphula ibhange
U-Charles Wells wenza itafula liphelelwe amathokheni izikhathi eziningana ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, okwenza kubhalwe ingoma ye-music-hall. Uphenyo alutholi luhlelo, kuphela inhlanhla futhi, kamuva, ukukhwabanisa kwenye indawo.
Indoda eyaphula ibhange - 1900
UPearson ushicilela isivivinyo se-chi-square esebenzisa idatha yokujikeleza yase-Monte Carlo.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-chi-square - 1907
IFrance iphinde ivumele amakhasino ngokomthetho emadolobheni anamanzi ashisayo nasogwini lolwandle.
- 1913
Izinombolo ezimnyama ezingu-26 zilandelana e-Monte Carlo.
Iphutha lomgembuli - 1931
INevada yenza ukugembula ekhasino kube semthethweni.
Amasondo e-roulette ase-Las Vegas - ama-1940
U-Ulam no-von Neumann banika indlela ye-Monte Carlo igama layo.
- 1953
UFleming, Casino Royale: uBond ubheja kumadazini amabili e-roulette.
Isu le-James Bond ku-roulette - 1961
UThorp noShannon bakha ikhompyutha yokuqala ye-roulette egqokwayo.
Amakhompyutha e-roulette - 1965
UDubins noSavage bafakazela ukuthi ukudlala ngesibindi kungcono kakhulu emidlalweni lapho inani elilindelekile lomdlali lingaphansi kweqanda.
- 1969
Ucwaningo lukaThorp luchaza ukuthi kungani lungekho uhlelo lokubheja olwehlula umdlalo onenani elilindelekile elingaphansi kweqanda.
Inganekwane: Isu le-roulette elihlala liwina - 1977–81
Amakhompyutha afihliwe ama-Eudaemons eNevada: ngaphansi kwengalo ngo-1978, esicathulweni ngo-1981.
Ama-Eudaemons - 1985
INevada yenza amadivayisi okubikezela abe yicala. UBass ushicilela i-The Eudaemonic Pie.
Ukukhohlisa ku-roulette
Umdlalo wanamuhla
- ikhulu le-20Emadolobheni amanzi ashisayo kuya ezikrinini
I-roulette ihambela e-Las Vegas kubuyiselwe iqanda eliphindiwe, bese iya kumatafula e-RNG ku-inthanethi ngama-1990 nakumasondo asezitudiyo asakazwa bukhoma ngama-2000.
I-roulette yaseYurophu neyaseMelika - ama-1990
Umndeni wakwaGarcía-Pelayo usebenzisa amasondo achemile eduze kwaseMadrid; uyavinjelwa; izinkantolo ziyasichitha isinqumo sokuvinjelwa (2004).
Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Uhlelo lwe-roulette - 1996
Amakhasino okuqala e-inthanethi ane-roulette ye-RNG.
I-roulette ebukhoma ne-roulette ye-RNG - 2003–06
I-roulette ene-croupier ebukhoma isakazwa isuka ezitudiyo; iRiga neMalta ziba yizikhungo.
Indlela i-roulette ebukhoma esebenza ngayo - 2004
Iqembu lase-Ritz lizuza u-£1.3m ngokubikezela ibhola; i-laser okwakubikwa ngayo ayitholakali; akukho cala.
Ukudlala ngenzuzo yomdlali ku-roulette - 2005
I-UK Gambling Act: uhlelo oluphelele lwamalayisensi okugembula okwenziwa ukude.
I-roulette e-UK - 2012
USmall noTse bashicilela i-physics yokubikezela i-roulette.
I-physics yesondo le-roulette - 2013
INew Jersey yethula amakhasino e-inthanethi alawulwayo.
I-roulette e-USA - 2016
I-roulette enamaqanda amathathu e-Las Vegas Strip.
I-roulette enamaqanda amathathu - 2018
Ukuvinjelwa kukazwelonke kokubheja kwezemidlalo e-US kuyachithwa; izifundazwe ziyazishayela imithetho.
- 2021
IJalimane neNetherlands zinikeza amalayisensi emidlalo yekhasino ye-inthanethi.
I-roulette eYurophu - 2026
Le sayithi: lonke usuku olungenhla, kanye nezibalo.
Umugqa owodwa obalulekile
Emakhulwini amabili nesigamu eminyaka amathuba e-roulette ashintsha kanye kuphela ezuzisa umdlali (1843, kwasuswa iqanda elilodwa) futhi kabili emelene naye (ukhozi ngama-1800, iqanda lesithathu ngo-2016). Konke okunye, izinhlelo, amakhompyutha, izitudiyo, izibani, kwashiya izibalo lapho uLablée azithola khona: 36/n − 1 esondweni elinelinye igodi elengeziwe ngaphezu kwalelo nani.
Imibuzo
OlukaPascal. Izivivinyo zakhe ngamasondo ziyiqiniso; ukuxhunyaniswa kwazo ne-roulette kuyinkolelo yesiko nje.
Phakathi nekhulu le-19; ukulandelana kwaseYurophu okusetshenziswa namuhla kwase kujwayelekile ngesikhathi se-Monte Carlo.
Mhlawumbe oluphathelene nemithetho. Isondo selaphelela.
Okokuhlekisa
Amakhulu amabili nesigamu eminyaka, ukuthuthuka okukodwa, ukuhlehla okubili, izindaba eziningi.
Imithombo
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Shelley, R. Roulette Wheel Study.