Joseph Jagger: Isu le-roulette e-Monte Carlo

Lokho okubonakala emarekhodini

UJoseph Hobson Jagger wazalwa ngomhlaka 2 Septemba 1830 e-Shelf, phakathi kwe-Bradford ne-Halifax. Washada noMatilda Townend eneminyaka engamashumi amabili futhi baba nezingane ezine. Wasebenza ekuhwebeni ngezindwangu impilo yakhe yonke: njengomsebenzi wendlu yokugcina izimpahla, njengomlingani emsebenzini owawulungisa intambo ye-warp, njengomqedi wezindwangu e-Manchester. Ubalo lwabantu lwango-1861 lumbiza ngokuthi ngumenzeli wokuthengisa ukotini nezindwangu, kwathi incwadi yefa lakhe yango-1881 imbiza ngomkhiqizi. Awukho umbhalo ombiza ngonjiniyela. Lelo gama, kanye nelithi “umakhenikha”, kuvela ezincwadini ezikhuluma nge-Monte Carlo.

Ngo-Ephreli 1860 ibhizinisi lakhe lase-Manchester lawa, kwathi i-London Gazette yambhala phakathi kwabanesikweletu abangakwazi ukukhokha okwakuzolalelwa amacala abo e-Lancaster Castle. Ingane yakhe encane kunazo zonke yayineminyaka emibili. Umbhali wempilo yakhe u-Anne Fletcher, oyisihlobo sakhe sesifazane, inzalo yomfowabo noma kadadewabo ezizukulwaneni ezine ngemuva kwakhe, futhi oyisazi-mlando samagugu, wathola lezo zaziso futhi wathola ukuthi umndeni wawusakhokha izikweletu ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Akazange athole ukuqothuka ngo-1880 noma ngo-1881, nakuba amaphephandaba amaningana kamuva ethe kwaba khona.

Indaba njengoba yaqala ukushicilelwa

Umbiko wokuqala yincwadi kaVictor Bethell ethi Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play (1901). UBethell umbiza ngokuthi “Jaggers”, indoda yase-Yorkshire nomakhenikha ngomsebenzi, futhi akanikezi gama lokuqala noma unyaka. Ngokuxoxa kwakhe uJaggers waqasha abasebenzi abayisithupha, wabahlalisa ematafuleni ahlukene ukuze babhale phansi yonke inombolo usuku lonke, futhi ngemuva kwenyanga wayesethole ubuthakathaka kuwo wonke amasondo. Yena namadoda akhe bawina u-£120,000. Ikhasino laqala ukushintsha amasondo lisuka etafuleni liya kwelinye njalo ebusuku, futhi uJaggers wayewahlukanisa ngezimpawu ezincane, umklwebho noma ichashaza kupende. Walahlekelwa ngu-£40,000 kokuwinile futhi wahamba nocishe u-£80,000, okuthi, ngama-franc angu-25 ephawundini ngaleso sikhathi, kube yizigidi ezimbili zama-franc. Usuku olulodwa kuphela olunikezwa nguBethell wukuthi konke lokhu kwenzeka “eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili edlule”.

UBethell wayebhala emashumini amabili eminyaka ngemuva kwesigameko futhi akaqambi fakazi. UFletcher wasesha emaphephandabeni endawo, akazwelonke nawakwamanye amazwe kodwa akatholanga mbiko wokuwina, futhi lapho uyise ebhalela ikhasino watshelwa ukuthi amaphepha alo aleso sikhathi ayebhujisiwe.

Indlela indaba eyakhula ngayo

Umbhali ngamunye wakamuva wengeza okuthile, futhi lokho okwengeziwe yikho abantu abaningi abakwaziyo.

Wayelapho nini

UFletcher ubeka ukuvakasha kokuqala ngo-1880 noma ngo-1881 esekelwe ebufakazini obune. UJagger akekho emndenini wakhe ekubalweni kwabantu kuka-Ephreli 1881, lapho umkakhe ebhalwe khona njengenhloko yomndeni. Isivumelwano sango-Agasti 1881 simbhala e-6 Greaves Street, e-Bradford, indlu ayithenga ngalowo nyaka, kwathi ngo-Okthoba wabhala incwadi yefa yomuntu onempahla. Ubufakazi besine yiyo kuphela into esasekhona, ukhiye wesikhumbuzo ebhokisini lesipho, ogcinwe emndenini. Umbhalo wawo, ovela “kubangane nabamthandayo”, ukhuluma ngempumelelo yakhe ku-roulette emelene nebhange e-Monte Carlo “eyathatha isikhathi seminyaka emine”, futhi unosuku lwangomhlaka 1 Meyi 1884.

UFletcher ukuchaza lokhu njengokuhlala lapho izikhathi eziningana phakathi kuka-1880 no-1884, hhayi isonto elilodwa. Ukuthi wabuka isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi wadlala isikhathi esingakanani, akubhalwanga ndawo.

Ubani owahamba naye

Abasebenzi abayisithupha bakaBethell abanabufakazi obubasekelayo, futhi uFletcher uphawula ukuthi igumbi lalinamatafula amane noma amahlanu kuphela e-roulette ngaleso sikhathi. Elinye isiko lomndeni, elabhalwa phansi ngumngane owayebone izincwadi esezabhujiswa, lithi indodana yakhe endala u-Alfred yahamba naye. UFletcher wengeza umshana, u-Oates Jagger, umshayeli wesitimela, ngenxa yengcebo yakhe yakamuva engachazwanga; leso yisiphetho sakhe. Elinye igatsha lomndeni lalihlala lithi wahamba nomphathi wakhe wabasebenzi. Imali yohambo yabolekwa ezihlotsheni, kanti omunye wazo, umzala, kuthiwa wabuyiselwa imali yakhe.

Lokho ikhasino elakwenza

Lapha futhi uBethell ungumthombo wokuqala. Uthi ikhasino laqala ngokushintsha amasondo lisuka etafuleni liya kwelinye njalo ebusuku, kwathi lapho lokho kwehluleka lathumela umuntu efemini yaseParis eyayiwakha. Ifemu yakha iqoqo elisha lamasondo anezingxenyana ezihlukanisayo ezisuswayo, ukuze igodiokokusebenzaIgodiEsinye sezikhala ezingu-37 ezinezinombolo ku-rotor. Kubuye kuthiwe: slot, cup.Funda konke → elalimi maqondana neqandaisondoIqandaIgodi elilodwa eliluhlaza elingambozwa ukubheja okulingana nemali, okwedazini noma okwekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kubuye kuthiwe: iqanda elilodwa, 0.Funda konke → ngolunye usuku likwazi ukuma kwenye indawo ngosuku olulandelayo. UPolovtsoff, owayengusihlalo we-International Sporting Club e-Monte Carlo ngama-1930, usho into efanayo: amasondo amasha anezingxenye ezishintshanayo, ezixutshwa nsuku zonke. Amasondo amadala ashintshwa, awalungiswanga.

Ukuhlolwa kwasekuseni kwawo wonke amasondo nge-spirit level kufakazelwa kahle. U-Adolphe Smith wakubona cishe ngo-1912, kwathi uPolovtsoff ukuchaza ngo-1937. Akekho kubo othi kwaqala ngoJagger, futhi awukho umbhalo wekhasino oxhumanisa noma yisiphi salezi zinyathelo naye.

Casino de Monte-CarloUkukala isondo uqobo lwalo

Ukuchema kufanele kube kukhulu kangakanani

Isu le-roulette likaJoseph Jagger, njengoba indaba ilixoxa, kwakuwukubheja ezinombolweni isondo elizithandayo, futhi lokho kukhokha kuphela uma kudlulwe umkhawulo othile. I-straight upukubhejaI-straight upInombolo eyodwa, kukhokha u-35:1.Funda konke → (ukubheja enombolweni eyodwa) ikhokha 35 ku-1, ngakho inombolo kufanele iwine kaningi kunokuba kanye ekujikelezeni okungu-36 ngaphambi kokuba ukubheja kuyo kuzuze okuthile. Esondweni elineqanda elilodwa elingachemile iwina kanye ekujikelezeni okungu-37.

Ake sithi abasebenzi babhale phansi isondo elilodwa inyanga yonke ngokujikeleza okungu-500 ngosuku: ukujikeleza okungu-15,000. Inombolo engachemile ibingavela cishe izikhathi ezingu-405, kungaba ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi ngo-20. Inombolo eyavela izikhathi ezingu-465 ibiyoba phambili ngezikhathi ezintathu zalokho “kungaba ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi”, into inhlanhla yodwa ecishe ingayenzi neze. Inombolo enjalo iwina cishe kanye ekujikelezeni okungu-32, futhi ukubheja kuyo kuzuza u-11.6%: amathokheniimaliIthokheniUphawu olumele inani elinqunyiwe, olubekwa ethebuleni lokubheja ukuze ubheje. Kubuye kuthiwe: check.Funda konke → angu-36 abuyayo kuwo wonke angu-32.3 abhejiwe. Inyanga yokubala ngesineke yanele ukuthola iphutha lobukhulu obunjalo, kodwa ayanele ukuthola elincane kakhulu kunalelo. Ukujikeleza okungu-500 ngosuku kungumcabango wokwenza isibalo; akekho owabhala phansi ukuthi lawo matafula ayesebenza ngesivinini esingakanani.

Ubukhulu besampulaUkubheja kwe-straight up ku-roulette

Ngemuva kwalokho

UJagger akazange athenge isigodlo. Ngo-1881 wathenga i-6 Greaves Street e-Little Horton, e-Bradford, kwathi eminyakeni eyishumi noma ngaphezulu eyalandela, ngokubala kukaFletcher, wathenga okungenani izindlu ezingamashumi amathathu nambili ezinamathelene eduze, ezaziqashiswa noma kuhlala kuzo izihlobo. Ukholelwa ukuthi wanika cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemali amadoda amabili ayehamba naye. Asikho isibonakaliso sokuthi wake wakwenza ukuwina kwakhe kwaziwa emphakathini. Washonela e-25 Greaves Street ngomhlaka 25 Ephreli 1892, eneminyaka engu-61; isitifiketi sokushona sisho isifo sikashukela. Ungcwatshwe e-Bethel Chapel e-Shelf, eduze kwalapho azalelwa khona. Inani elihlanzekile lefa lakhe lalingu-£1,710.

Ingoma

Ingoma ethi “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” yaqala ukuculwa ngo-1892, unyaka uJagger ashona ngawo, futhi umndeni wakhe kwaphela isikhathi eside ukholelwa ukuthi ikhuluma ngaye. Kwakungenjalo. UFred Gilbert wayibhala ngemuva kochungechunge lukaCharles Wells lwango-1891, olwagcwalisa amaphephandaba (bheka Indoda eyaphula ibhange). UCharles Kingston wakusho lokho ngo-1925: udumo lwaya kumkhwabanisi owafika ngemuva kwendoda yase-Yorkshire.

Imibuzo