Amakhompyutha e-roulette
Indlela ikhompyutha elinganisa ngayo isikhathi sebhola, abakha ezokuqala, nokuthi kumele inembe kangakanani.
Ikhompyutha ye-roulette ilinganisa isikhathi sebhola ne-rotor emizuzwaneni yokuqala yokujikeleza bese isho ingxenye yesondo lapho ibhola kufanele liwele khona. U-Edward Thorp no-Claude Shannon bakha eyokuqala ngo-1961, kanti ama-Eudaemons akha ezedijithali kusukela ngo-1976. Le ndlela idinga ukuthi ukubheja kwamukelwe ngemuva kokuphonswa kwebhola: izitudiyo ezibukhoma manje zivala ukubheja ngesikhathi sokuphonsa, futhi i-Nevada ivimbele amadivayisi anjalo kusukela ngo-1985.
Indlela uhlelo lokuqala lwekhompyutha ye-roulette olwakhiwa ngayo
Umqondo weza ku-Edward Thorp entwasahlobo ka-1955, ngesikhathi engumfundi weziqu eziphakeme ze-physics e-UCLA: isondo elakhiwe kahle kakhulu ukuthi lingachemi kufanele lijikelezise ibholaokokusebenzaIbholaIbhola elincane eliphonswa emzileni libheke ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-rotor. Amabhola esimanje enziwa nge-ivorine noma nge-Teflon, angu-18–21 mm.Funda konke → ngendlela ebikezelekayo njengeplanethi. Waqopha ividiyo yesondo elishibhile elingangohhafu wosayizi ojwayelekile, kukhona i-stopwatch esithombeni, wathola ukuthi alijikelezi ngendlela efanayo ngokwanele ukuthi libikezelwe, kanti uhambo lokuya e-Nevada ngoDisemba 1958 lwamkhombisa ukuthi amasondo amakhasino ajikeleza kahle. Bese i-blackjack ithatha isikhathi sakhe. NgoNovemba 1960, e-MIT, wacela u-Claude Shannon ukuthi athumele iphepha lakhe lokubala amakhadi ku-National Academy of Sciences; ekugcineni komhlangano u-Shannon wambuza ukuthi yini enye ayisebenzayo, futhi iphrojekthi ye-roulette yathuthela endlini engaphansi komhlabathi ka-Shannon. Bathenga isondo elisemthethweni e-Reno ngo-$1,500, balibeka phezu kwetafula elidala le-billiard elenziwe nge-slate, futhi balinganisa isikhathi sebhola ngokuqhathanisa nesibani se-strobe newashi elifundwa kuze kube yikhulu lomzuzwana. Ngokuzijwayeza amaphutha abo okulinganisa isikhathi ehla esuka cishe ku-0.03 aya ku-0.01 wemizuzwana. NgoJuni 1961 ikhompyutha yayinama-transistor ayishumi nambili futhi ilingana nephakethe likagwayi: iswishi esicathulweni, esetshenziswa ngozwane olukhulu, yayilinganisa isikhathi se-rotorokokusebenzaI-rotorIngxenye yesondo ejikelezayo ephethe amagodi.Funda konke → nesebhola, kanti umsindo endlebeni eyodwa wawusho esinye sezigabaisondoIsigabaIngxenye eqhubekayo yamagodi alandelanayo esondweni, ehlukile eqenjini lezinombolo ethebuleni lokubheja.Funda konke → eziyisishiyagalombili zesondo. E-Las Vegas ngalelo hlobo u-Shannon walinganisa isikhathi esondweni futhi wabhala phansi izinombolo njenganoma yimuphi umdlali wohlelo, kanti u-Thorp wabheja ama-dime ekugcineni kwetafula. Izibikezelo zazisebenza, kodwa izintambo ezincane njengezinwele eziya esahlalandlebeni zazilokhu ziphuka, futhi kwake kwathi owesifazane owayeseduze kuka-Thorp wagqolozela ngokwesaba isipikha esasiphumela ngaphandle endlebeni yakhe. Abazange babheje ngokuzimisela. U-Thorp wamemezela uhlelo lwekhompyutha ye-roulette ngo-1966 futhi washicilela imininingwane ngo-1979 nango-1984.
Amakhompyutha okuqala edijithali
Umshini ka-Thorp no-Shannon wawuyi-analog: isekhethi yawo kwakuwuhlelo lwawo, futhi ukushintsha indlela kwakusho ukuwuxhuma kabusha ngezintambo. I-microprocessor yasusa lowo mkhawulo. U-Alan Lewis, umfundi e-Caltech, wathatha ikhompyutha yedijithali ayeyakhele ekhaya esesikhwameni sekhamera wayiyisa e-Circus Circus e-Las Vegas ngo-1972, walinganisa isikhathi samasondo esuka kuvulandi ongenhla kwamatafula futhi wathumela izibikezelo ngomsakazo kumlingani wakhe ngezansi. Yasebenza, kodwa ayizange yenze mali; kamuva wafunda ukuthi wayeshiye ngaphandle ukutsheka kwesondo. Kusukela ngo-1976 iqembu labafundi be-physics e-Santa Cruz, ama-Eudaemons, lawenza kahle lo msebenzi. Bathenga isondo lekhasino, balinganisa ibhola, i-rotor, ukutsheka nokugxuma, futhi babhala izibalo ezinezilungiselelo ezinhlanu umdlali ayezilungisa esondweni ngalinye ngokuchofoza amaswishi ozwane cishe imizuzu engamashumi amabili ngaphambi kokubheja. Ikhompyutha yabo yayisho esinye sezigaba eziyisishiyagalombili imizuzwana embalwa ngemuva kokuqala kokujikeleza. Etafuleni langempela ngoJanuwari 1978 yanika inzuzo abayilinganisa ku-25%; imishini, eyayiboshelwe emzimbeni futhi kamuva yakhiwa ezicathulweni, yehluleka kaningi kakhulu kune-physics (bheka ama-Eudaemons).
Kungani ukubheja sekwephuzile kwakubalulekile
Ikhasino ingakumisa ngokuphelele ukubikezela ngokwenqaba ukubheja uma ibhola selaphonswa. U-Thorp wathola ukuthi cishe akekho owayenza kanjalo: e-Reno, e-Las Vegas, eLondon, e-Monte Carlo, e-Nice, e-Venice nase-Puerto Rico umkhuba ojwayelekile kwakuwukumemeza ukuthi “akusabhejwainquboAkusabhejwaUkumemeza kwe-croupier (noma isaziso esikrinini) okuvala ukubheja. Amathokheni awasakwazi ukubekwa, ukususwa endaweni noma ukuthathwa.Funda konke →” ngaphambi kokuba ibhola liwele ngokujikeleza okukodwa noma okubili. Lelo thuba lokubheja yilo okudingwe yilo lonke uhlelo lokubikezela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela kuma-Eudaemons kuya ekubhejeni sekwephuzile kweqembu le-Ritz ku-racetrackitafulaI-racetrackUmucu oyindilinga eqanda emathebuleni okubheja abukhoma nawe-elekthronikhi obonisa izinombolo ngokulandelana kwazo esondweni, osetshenziselwa ukubeka ukubheja komakhelwane nokwezigaba ngokuthinta kanye.Funda konke →. I-Nevada yawenza angekho emthethweni amadivayisi okubikezela ngoMeyi 1985, futhi izitudiyo ezibukhoma manje zivala ukubheja ngesikhathi sokuphonsa.
Indlela amakhasino alwa ngayo
Eminyakeni lapho ukubheja kwakusamukelwa ngemuva kokuphonswa kwebhola, amakhasino ayelwa nabadlali abasolwayo esebenzisa i-croupier. Izindaba zabadlali bohlelo luka-Norman Leigh e-Nice ngo-1966 nezamaqembu okubikezela akamuva zichaza i-croupierabantuI-croupierUmsebenzi ophethe itafula le-roulette.Funda konke → elisha ekujikelezeni ngakunye, ibhola elishintshiwe, ukujikeleza okwenziwa kube kufushane noma kushesha, itafula eligcwele abantu bekhasino uqobo, futhi ekugcineni itafula elivaliwe. Lezi zindaba zivela ohlangothini lwabadlali futhi kunzima ukuziqinisekisa (Goldman, 2007). Noma kunjalo la maqhinga ayazwakala: ukujikeleza okufushane noma okusheshayo akukwazi ukuqondisa ibhola egodiniokokusebenzaIgodiEsinye sezikhala ezingu-37 ezinezinombolo ku-rotor. Kubuye kuthiwe: slot, cup.Funda konke → elithile, kodwa kuyaphazamisa isikhathi umbikezeli asilinganisayo.
Ingabe ama-croupier e-roulette angaqondisa ibhola enombolweni? Inganekwane
Isibikezelo kumele sinembe kangakanani
U-Thorp (1984) wabala ukuthi isibikezelo sibaluleke kangakanani uma iphutha laso lilandela ijika elimise okwensimbi (bell curve): ekujikelezeni okujwayelekile igodi elibikezelwe liphambuka ngamagodi angu-σ ngakolunye uhlangothi noma ngakolunye. Bheja enombolweni ebikezelwe yodwa, noma kuyo nomakhelwaneukubhejaOmakhelwaneInombolo kanye namagodi amabili nhlangothi zombili zayo esondweni, amathokheni amahlanu e-straight up.Funda konke → ababili ohlangothini ngalunye, bese inzuzo incike ku-σ kuphela. Isibikezelo esiphelele besizowina yonke i-straight upukubhejaI-straight upInombolo eyodwa, kukhokha u-35:1.Funda konke →. Uma u-σ engamagodi angu-10, ukunemba u-Thorp no-Shannon abakufinyelela, i-straight up ibuyisa cishe u-+44%, inani u-Thorp alinikeza ngedivayisi yabo; umbiko wakhe wango-1998 ulibeka engxenyeni yesishiyagalombili yesondo ethandwa kakhulu. Inzuzo yehla ngokushesha njengoba iphutha likhula futhi iyaphela cishe kumagodi angu-17 esondweni laseYurophu nangu-16 esondweni laseMelika, lapho isibikezelo siphambuka cishe ngengxenye yesondo. Isabelomali samaphutha sika-Thorp uqobo sikhombisa ukuthi kungani lowo mkhawulo useduze: amaphutha ahlukene angu-1.4 no-5.5 wamagodi avela ekulinganiseni isikhathi se-rotor nesebhola, angu-7 avela ekuweni kwebhola kudlula ezivimbeniokokusebenzaI-deflectorEsinye sezithiyo zensimbi ezisendaweni ye-apron ezihlakaza ibhola eliwayo. Kubuye kuthiwe: canoe, diamond, pin.Funda konke → nangu-6 avela ekugxumeni emagodini ahlangana abe cishe ngu-10.8.
Imibuzo
Cha. Alikho ibhola. Inombolo idonswa yisofthiwe ngaphambi kopopayi.
Abezosengozini yokulinganiswa kwesikhathi, yingakho kungekho neyodwa eqhutshwa ngaleyo ndlela.
Ubumnandi bezibalo
Zama lezi ngokwakho kuqala. Isixazululo ngasinye sifihliwe; sivule uma usukulungile.
Ukubheja komakhelwaneukubhejaOmakhelwaneInombolo kanye namagodi amabili nhlangothi zombili zayo esondweni, amathokheni amahlanu e-straight up.Funda konke → kubeka ithokheniimaliIthokheniUphawu olumele inani elinqunyiwe, olubekwa ethebuleni lokubheja ukuze ubheje. Kubuye kuthiwe: check.Funda konke → eyodwa enombolweni nasemagodiniokokusebenzaIgodiEsinye sezikhala ezingu-37 ezinezinombolo ku-rotor. Kubuye kuthiwe: slot, cup.Funda konke → amabili nhlangothi zombili zayo esondweni: amathokheni amahlanu. Ukubikezela kumele kuwele kangaki kulawo magodi amahlanu ukuze kulingane, futhi kuletha malini uma kulungile kanye kokuhlanu?
Bonisa isixazululo
Impendulo Kuyalingana ku-5 kokungu-36, 13.9%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-13.5% ngenhlanhla kuphela. Uma kulungile kanye kokuhlanu, kubuyisa u-44% ngaphezu kwalokho okubhejwayo.
Uma ukubheja kuphumelela, ithokheni eyodwa iwina 35 ku-1 bese ibuya nokuwina kwayo, amathokheni angu-36, kuthi amanye amane alahleke. Ngakho ukuphumelela kubuyisa u-36 ngo-5 abhejiwe, futhi ukubheja kuyalingana uma kuphumelela izikhathi ezingu-5 kwezingu-36, 13.9%. Ngenhlanhla kuphumelela izikhathi ezingu-5 kwezingu-37, 13.5%. Lelo gebe elincane, elingaphansi kwengxenye yephesenti, yilapho kuvela khona u-2.70% wonke.
Uma kuphumelela kanye kokuhlanu, kubuya amathokheni angu-0.2 × 36 = 7.2 kuwo wonke angu-5 abhejiwe, +44%. Kanye kokune, +80%.
Yingakho ukunyuka okuncane kokunemba kubaluleke kangaka, futhi yingakho amakhasino evala ukubheja okumenyezelwayoitafulaI-call betUkubheja okumenyezelwa ku-croupier kunokuba kubekwe ngesandla, ngokuvamile ukubheja esigabeni sesondo okufana ne-voisins noma i-tiers. Kubuye kuthiwe “ukubheja okumenyezelwayo”.Funda konke → kusenesikhathi uma amanani ephezulu: lelo gebe elincane liyinzuzo yonke yekhasino. Abadlali base-Ritz bango-2004 kubikwa ukuthi babheja ngale ndlela.
U-Thorp wabala amaphutha amane azimele ekubikezeleni kwakhe, ngamagodi: u-1.4 ovela ekulinganiseni isikhathi se-rotorokokusebenzaI-rotorIngxenye yesondo ejikelezayo ephethe amagodi.Funda konke →, u-5.5 ovela ekulinganiseni isikhathi sebholaokokusebenzaIbholaIbhola elincane eliphonswa emzileni libheke ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-rotor. Amabhola esimanje enziwa nge-ivorine noma nge-Teflon, angu-18–21 mm.Funda konke →, u-7 ovela ekuweni kwebhola edlula kuma-deflectorokokusebenzaI-deflectorEsinye sezithiyo zensimbi ezisendaweni ye-apron ezihlakaza ibhola eliwayo. Kubuye kuthiwe: canoe, diamond, pin.Funda konke → kanye no-6 ovela ekugxumeni emagodini. Liphelele lingakanani iphutha, futhi amaphutha amabili okulinganisa isikhathi angeza okungakanani?
Bonisa isixazululo
Impendulo Cishe amagodi angu-10.8 esewonke. Ngaphandle kwamaphutha okulinganisa isikhathi bekungaba ngu-9.2, ngakho ukulinganisa isikhathi okubili kwengeza u-1.6 kuphela.
Amaphutha azimele awahlangani ngqo; okuhlangana yizikwele zawo. Usayizi ojwayelekile wesamba uyimpande yesikwele yesamba sezikwele: 1.4² + 5.5² + 7² + 6² = 1.96 + 30.25 + 49 + 36 = 117.2, futhi √117.2 ≈ 10.8.
Ngaphandle kwamaphutha amabili okulinganisa isikhathi: √(49 + 36) = √85 ≈ 9.2.
Isamba esingamagodi angu-10.8 singaphakathi komkhawulo wamagodi angu-17 ethebuleni elikuleli khasi futhi sinikeza cishe u-+34% enombolweni eyodwa. Isifundo u-Thorp asithola: uma ukuwa kudlula kuma-deflector sekuyiphutha elikhulu kunawo wonke, ukulinganisa isikhathi kangcono kuthenga okuncane.
Okokuhlekisa
I-physics iyasebenza. Isikhathi sokubheja savalwa.
Imithombo
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling.
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Small, M. & Tse, C. K. “Predicting the outcome of roulette.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.