Abadlali be-roulette abadumile

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Usomabhizinisi wezindwangu wase-Shelf, eduze kwase-Bradford, owayenefemu e-Manchester eyawa ngo-1860. Cishe ngo-1880 waya e-Monte Carlo, wenza ukuthi imiphumela yamasondo ibhalwe phansi, futhi wabheja ezinombolweni ezazivela kaningi ngokweqile. Umbiko wokuqala, incwadi kaVictor Bethell yango-1901, uthi wawina u-£120,000, walahlekelwa futhi ngu-£40,000 kuleyo mali wahamba no-£80,000 cishe, okungama-franc angaba yizigidi ezimbili, nokuthi ikhasino laqala ngokushintsha amasondo alo lisuka etafuleni liya kwelinye njalo ebusuku kwase lifaka amasha anezingxenyana ezihlukanisayo ezisuswayo. Alikho iphephandaba laleso sikhathi elabika ngalokhu kuwina, futhi amaphepha ekhasino aleyo minyaka awasekho. Umbhali wempilo yakhe u-Anne Fletcher (2018), oyisihlobo sakhe sesifazane, inzalo yomfowabo noma kadadewabo ezizukulwaneni ezine ngemuva kwakhe, ubeka ukuvakasha kokuqala ngo-1880 noma ngo-1881, hhayi ngo-1873 noma ngo-1875 njengasezindabeni ezindala. Abasebenzi abayisithupha abaqashiwe bavela kuBethell; uhlu lwezinombolo eziyisishiyagalolunye kanye nomklwebho okuthiwa wawenza esondweni kwaqala ukuvela ngo-1951, futhi akukho okukusekelayo. Lapho eshona ngo-1892 ifa lakhe lalingelikhulu. Ikhasi likaJoseph Jagger lihlola ubufakazi.

Joseph Jagger: Isu le-roulette e-Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Umkhwabanisi nomsunguli owafika e-Monte Carlo ngo-1891 nemali ayeyiqoqele umsunguliwo mbumbulu futhi waphula ibhange izikhathi eziningana ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, ewina cishe u-£40,000 ngochungechunge olumangalisayo. Wathi unohlelo olungehluleki kodwa akazange aluchaze. Waba ngu-“The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” engomeni yasemahholo omculo, walahlekelwa futhi yingxenye yemali ngalobo busika, futhi wachitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe esasele ejele ngenxa yokukhwabanisa. Noma ngabe uhlelo lwakhe lwalunjani, umphumela wakhe kwakuyinhlanhla.

Indoda eyaphula ibhange

Hibbs noWalford (1947)

Ngo-1947 abafundi ababili base-University of Chicago, u-Albert Hibbs, owayeqeda iziqu ze-master kwezibalo, noRoy Walford, umfundi wezokwelapha, bachitha iholide e-Reno bebhala phansi imiphumela yokujikeleza. Babefuna amasondo lapho ezinye izinombolo zivela kaningi kunalokho u-1 ku-38 okuvumelayo, bawathola, babheja kuwo, base bedlulela e-Las Vegas. Umagazini i-Life waxoxa le ndaba ngoDisemba 1947 ngesihloko esithi “How to Win $6,500”; imibiko yakamuva, kuhlanganise nowakwaHibbs uqobo, inikeza izamba ezinkulu, kwathi uThorp, ebhala ngo-1998, wakubeka ngo-1949–50. Imali yakhokhela isikebhe esinoseyili esingama-feet angu-40 kanye nonyaka nangaphezulu e-Caribbean. UHibbs waqhubekela e-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lapho aba yizwi layo elaziwa kakhulu emphakathini, kwathi uWalford waba ngumcwaningi wokuguga. Okwabo kuwukuwina kokuqala kwaseMelika okubhalwe kahle okuvela ekuchemeni kwesondo, futhi yikho uThorp ayekucabanga ngo-1955 lapho enquma ukuthi amasondo akhiwe kahle kuzofanele ehlulwe nge-physics esikhundleni salokho.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Ehlobo lika-1966 uNorman Leigh, umNgisi owabhala ukuthi ubaba wakhe waqedwa yi-roulette, wahola iqembu labantu abayishumi nambili baya e-Casino Municipal e-Nice. Ngokulandisa kwakhe, badlala uhlelo lwe-LabouchèreisuLabouchèreUhlelo lokucisha: bhala umugqa wezinombolo, bheja isamba sezinombolo ezimbili ezisemaphethelweni, uzicishe ngemuva kokuwina, wengeze inani elibhejwe walahleka ngemuva kokuhlulwa.Funda konke → oluphambene kuwo wonke amathuba ayisithupha alingana nemali ematafuleni amabili, bawina kakhulu ubusuku obuningana, futhi bamiswa lapho ikhasino ivala amatafula futhi ibavimbela emakhasino aseFrance. Incwadi yakhe, i-Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), iwukuphela kofakazi ophelele, futhi izibalo zayo azikwazi ukuhlolwa. Uhlelo alukwazi ukuzichaza: i-Labouchère ephambene ibiza u-1.35% wemali ebhejwe yonkeimaliImali yonke ebhejiweInani lonke elibhejwe phakathi neseshini noma esikhathini esithile, kubalwa nemali ewiniwe ephinde yabhejwa. Kubuye kuthiwe: handle, action.Funda konke → ne-la partageumthethoLa partageUmthetho waseFrance: lapho kuphuma iqanda, uhhafu wenani elibhejwe ekubhejeni okulingana nemali uyabuyiswa. Kwehlisa inzuzo yekhasino kulokho kubheja ngesigamu iye ku-1.35%.Funda konke → futhi iwina kuphela kuseshini engavamile lapho umugqa ukhuphuka ufike kumkhawulo ophezulu (bheka i-Labouchère). Abadlali abayishumi nambili emathubeni ayisithupha ubusuku obuningana badlala amaseshini amaningi, ambalwa kuwo kwakumele abe ukuwina okukhulu, futhi ukuvala kwekhasino umdlalo kwavimbela ukuthi inhlanhla ilingane.

Inganekwane: Isu le-roulette elihlala liwinaIsu le-Labouchère ku-roulette

Thorp noShannon (1961)

U-Edward Thorp, owathi kamuva wehlula i-blackjack ngokubala amakhadi, noClaude Shannon, umsunguli we-information theory, bakha ikhompyutha yokuqala egqokwayo: idivayisi elingana nephakethe likagwayi elalikala isikhathi sebholaokokusebenzaIbholaIbhola elincane eliphonswa emzileni libheke ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-rotor. Amabhola esimanje enziwa nge-ivorine noma nge-Teflon, angu-18–21 mm.Funda konke → ne-rotorokokusebenzaI-rotorIngxenye yesondo ejikelezayo ephethe amagodi.Funda konke → futhi lithumele umsindo esipikeni sendlebe owawuveza i-octant (ingxenye yesishiyagalombili) yesondo. Yayisebenza egumbini elingaphansi kwendlu kaShannon esondweni elithengiwe futhi ngezikhathi ezithile e-Las Vegas, lapho izintambo zazinqamuka futhi isipika sendlebe sasibonakala. Bayeka ngenxa yezizathu ezingokoqobo; uThorp wamemezela uhlelo ngo-1966 futhi waluchaza ngokuphelele ngo-1979 nango-1984 (bheka Ukudlala ngenzuzo yomdlali ku-roulette).

Ama-Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Iqembu labafundi be-physics abenza iziqu eziphakeme e-Santa Cruz lakha amakhompyutha amancane edijithali okwakuzogqokwa ekhasino: umdlali oyedwa wayekala isikhathi sesondo ngezinkinobho zezinzwane, ikhompyutha yayibikezela isigabaisondoIsigabaIngxenye eqhubekayo yamagodi alandelanayo esondweni, ehlukile eqenjini lezinombolo ethebuleni lokubheja.Funda konke →, kwathi umdlali wesibili athole ukubikezela ngokudlidliza futhi abheje kukho. Ngo-1977 nango-1978 ikhompyutha yayiboshwe ngaphansi kwengalo; inguqulo yakamuva, eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kwesisekelo sesicathulo, yaya e-Las Vegas ngoNovemba 1981 futhi yahlulwa ngumsindo kagesi wamakhasino. Izivivinyo zabo zathembisa inzuzo yomdlali engu-44%, futhi iseshini yabo yokuqala ende etafuleni langempela yanikeza cishe u-25%. Izinto zikagesi zazingavamile ukusebenza isikhathi eside: izintambo ezixegayo, ukushaywa ngugesi futhi kanye ukusha ngenxa yezintambo ezishisa ngokweqile kwaqeda amaseshini amaningi. Bawina izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamadola bebheja ama-dime nama-quarter (amasenti amancane), basebenzisa cishe u-$15,000 futhi bashiya incwadi enhle. Ikhasi lama-Eudaemons lixoxa le ndaba.

Ama-Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Udokotela waseMelika owazalelwa eJalimane owathi, nomkakhe uCarol nabasizi abambalwa, wabhala phansi imiphumela yamasondo aneqandaisondoIqandaIgodi elilodwa eliluhlaza elingambozwa ukubheja okulingana nemali, okwedazini noma okwekholamu; umthombo wenzuzo yekhasino. Kubuye kuthiwe: iqanda elilodwa, 0.Funda konke → elilodwa emakhasino aseYurophu ngama-1960 nasekuqaleni kwama-1970, ikakhulukazi e-Sanremo, futhi wabheja ezinombolweni ezazivela kaningi ngokweqile. Ngokusho kukaCarol Jarecki isondo elilodwa lalingathatha ukujikeleza okungaphezu kwe-10,000 kanye nesikhathi esifika enyangeni. Isaziso sokushona sango-2018 sibika ukuthi ngokwemibiko eminingi wawina ngaphezu kuka-$1.2 million; leli nani alizange lihlolwe ngokusemthethweni. Watshela izintatheli ukuthi ikhompyutha yase-University of London yayiwuxazululile umdlalo; isaziso sokushona sango-2018 kanye nesazi-mlando se-roulette uRussell Barnhart bakuchaza lokhu njengokufihla ukubuka okuvamile nje. I-Sanremo yamcela ukuthi angabuyi ngoJanuwari 1969, yamvimbela njengomgembuli ochwepheshe ngoFebhuwari futhi yamvumela ukuthi abuye ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, yashintsha izindawo zamatafula ayo, futhi ekugcineni yashintsha amasondo angaba ngamashumi amabili nane. Wabuyela e-United States ngo-1973 noma ngo-1974. Imibiko yangaleso sikhathi inikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe.

Richard Jarecki: Uhlelo lwe-roulette

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wazalwa ngo-1947)

Umkhiqizi wamarekhodi nomqondisi wamafilimu waseSpain owathi, nezingane zakhe nabazala bakhe, babhala phansi cishe ukujikeleza okungu-5,000 esondweni ngalinye e-Casino Gran Madrid, ngaphandle kwedolobha, kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-1991, futhi babheja emagodiniokokusebenzaIgodiEsinye sezikhala ezingu-37 ezinezinombolo ku-rotor. Kubuye kuthiwe: slot, cup.Funda konke → ayehamba phambili. Ngokwezibalo zakhe igodi elingcono kakhulu lalawina kanye ekujikelezeni okungu-28 futhi inzuzo yomdlali yayicishe ibe ngu-6%; ubeka imali ayiwinile ku-200 kuya ku-250 million pesetas emakhasino amaningana. Ikhasino lavimbela umndeni, uhulumeni wachitha ukuvinjelwa, futhi izikhalazo zekhasino zehluleka, esokugcina enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ngoJuni 2004. Inkantolo yathi abadlali basebenzise ubuhlakani nekhompyutha kuphela, nokuthi impendulo esemthethweni yekhasino iwukushintsha izindawo zamasondo alo, ukushintsha izingxenye zawo noma ukuwakha kangcono. Ikhasi likaGonzalo García-Pelayo likuxoxa ngokuphelele.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Uhlelo lwe-rouletteI-roulette eYurophu

Abathathu base-Ritz (2004)

Abadlali abathathu, amadoda amabili nowesifazane abavela ezweni elalikade liyi-Yugoslavia nase-Hungary, bawina cishe u-£1.3 million ngobusuku obubili ngoMashi 2004 e-Ritz Club eLondon, bebheja sekwephuzile emaqenjini amancane ezinombolo ezingomakhelwane. Amaphephandaba abika nge-laser scanner efihlwe kuthelefoni; ayikaze iboniswe idivayisi enjalo. Baboshwa futhi bakhululwa, kwathi ngoDisemba 2004 amaphoyisa ahoxisa icala futhi abuyisela imali, ngoba umthetho omdala ophikisana nokukhohlisa wawungafinyeleli kulokho abakwenza. Umbiko we-Bloomberg wango-2023 ngomholi, umCroatia owaziwa ngokuthi nguNiko Tosa, uchaza ukubikezela ngamehlo esondweni elitsheke kancane, hhayi ngedivayisi. I-Gambling Act 2005 yashintsha icala elidala ngelibanzi lokukhohlisa, elasebenza kusukela ngo-2007; ukuthi lihlanganisa ukubikezela ngamehlo yini akukaze kuvivinywe enkantolo. Kwakuwukuwina kokugcina okukhulu, okwaziwa umphakathi, ku-roulette ngokubikezela.

Lokho abadlali be-roulette abaphumelele abafana ngakho

Bonke abawinile ababhaliwe kungaba bakala isondo (uJagger, uHibbs noWalford, uJarecki, uGarcía-Pelayo) noma babikezela ibhola (uThorp, ama-Eudaemons, iqembu lase-Ritz). Akekho noyedwa kubo owawina ngephethini yokubheja, futhi umdlali oyedwa odumile wohlelo, uWells, wabuyisela ingxenye yemali ayeyiwinile kungakapheli izinyanga futhi wagcina esejele. Zonke izindlela ababezisebenzisa zagcina zivinjwe ngamakhasino eshintsha isondo, imithetho noma umthetho wezwe. Amakhasi eLabhorethri achaza izindlela; leli khasi lichaza ukuthi kungani uzwe ngabantu abambalwa kangaka.

Imibuzo